But it will work a surprising amount of the time. This won't always work, as some people have disabled this feature and other people don't use Facebook at all. If you see someone's Facebook profile, they have that phone number associated with their Facebook account and you know who tried to call.
There's a good chance someone's name will appear, if that phone number is associated with that individual. Just head to Facebook and type the phone number into the search box. Even if people hide their phone numbers on their profiles, they often allow people to find them using their phone number. That's because Facebook has a setting that allows people to be looked up by their phone number, and it's enabled by default. Related: How to Make It Harder for People to Find Your Facebook Account You don't even need to be Facebook friends with the person whose phone number this is.
Google usually won't help you if you're trying to find a phone number associated with an individual, but Facebook often will. Not everyone knows this, but Facebook is actually an excellent way to perform a reverse lookup of phone numbers.